Biography of Rudyard Kipling Essay -- Rudyard Kipling Writers Authors

Biography of Rudyard Kipling 1865 - Kipling is born in Bombay, India. 1871 - Kipling and his younger sister Alice are separated from their parents and sent to England to be educated. 1878 - Kipling enters public school in North Devon. 1882 - Kipling ends his formal education and returns to India to become a trainee journalist. 1886 - Publication of Departmental Ditties. Kipling begins to make a name for himself as a young writer of some repute. 1887 - Soldiers Three, In Black and White, The Phantom Rickshaw, Wee Willie Winkle, The Story of the Gadsbys, and the stories later collected in The Smith Administration, The City of Dreadful Night, and Letters of Marque, were all written and published. 1889 - Kipling returns to London and embarks upon a decade of rising fame and extreme productivity. Kim, The Jungle Book, Stalky and Co., Captain’s Courageous , The Seven Seas and The Days Work are all published to great success. 1891- Marries Caroline Balestrier and emigrates to the USA 1899 - Death of first born child, Josephine, in New York. 1900 - Begins sojourn in South Africa. Becomes leading proponent of the Boer War. 1908 - Greatly disillusioned by the Liberal governments policy in South Africa, Kipling returns to England. 1914 - World War one begins. Kipling believes his long-held suspicion of the Germans has been justified. He once more becomes an enthusiastic proponent of the British war effort. 1915 - Kipling’s 18 year old son John disappears in battle. Kipling never really recovers from the loss. Kipling is diagnosed with the ailments that would later kill him. 1... ...nsued when John Kipling disappeared in action only a month after his arrival. Kipling saw the subsequent settlement at Versailles as another betrayal, mocking the sacrifices of the fallen allies. For his remaining two decades, he endured constant pain and discomfort from a series of misdiagnosed stomach ailments. In his autobiography Something of Myself (1935) , Kipling makes no mention of his years of suffering, just as he also avoids mention of the other tragedies in his life. He continued to write, and to develop his art, right up until the end of his life. He died in January 1936. Works Cited Kipling, Rudyard. Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings, ed. Thomas Pinney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Sullivan, Zoreh T. Narratives of Empire : The Fictions of Rudyard Kipling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Change Management Essay -- Sustainable Development, Corporate Sustaina

This assignment will discuss the response of the Canadian business market to the force of sustainability. Sustainability includes both sustainable development and corporate sustainability. When sustainable development and corporate sustainability are valued in a company, it aligns the views of various stakeholders, which can lead to financial success. In the past, sustainability was not valued, mainly because of a lack of knowledge and an aversion to the costs of sustainability reporting. However, with increased consumer awareness and the promotion of environmental and social value, more companies are moving towards a state of sustainability. In Canada there has been some adoption of sustainable development. Regulating bodies and third party evaluators have implemented systems to promote a triple bottom line in corporations. TELUS Corporation is an example of a company that is focused on sustainable development. Their vision, policies, and practices all display the company’s s upport for the community, the environment, and the shareholders. While there are still barriers to the adoption of sustainable practices, the market will naturally shift towards a state of corporate sustainability through sustainable development. Assignment #1 Introduction In the business world, there are four forces of change. These are innovation, customer focus, globalization, and sustainability. Innovation involves technological and non-technological advances that create new value for a company. Customer focus entails directing an organization’s efforts towards increasing the value given to customers as opposed to the value kept in the organization. Globalization has lead to integrated markets and has exposed businesses to new risks, such as pol... ...). Conclusion It is evident that sustainability is becoming a strong force in the business world. Environmental issues, such as greenhouse gas emissions, and corporate social responsibility are becoming increasingly important to internal and external stakeholders. Companies can no longer focus solely on financial measures, but must incorporate the triple bottom line into their performance metrics. This will give a company a long-term focus that supports future growth and profitability through sustainable development. Adoption of sustainable initiatives is varied in the market. While companies such as TELUS Corporation can be labeled as a sustaining corporation, others remain in a state of non-responsiveness or compliance due mainly to costs. However, as environmental and social awareness increases, the market will naturally progress towards a sustainable state.

A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt Essay

When looking at the play, A Man for All Seasons, Richard Rich lied, cheated, deceived, hurt close friends and committed perjury to obtain his goal. He went from Attorney General of Wales to the Solicitor General, to the Secretary for Norfolk and finally to the Chancellor of England. Sir Thomas More, was very selfish towards achieving his own personal goals. He believed that if he went about everything the way God would have done it that he would reach heaven. In this process he managed to hurt his wife Alice, his daughter Margaret, and put his friends in awful positions. When every aspect is considered Sir Thomas More, evidently wanted eternal salvation and only really truly cared about him self. King Henry VIII was a man of power and intimidation. He did not let anything stand in his way. Cardinal Wolsey, was executed because he put up resistance toward the King, along with Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More. Any individual that caused a ripple in his path was executed. â€Å"Henry VIII, started with everything and squandered it all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bolt, vii). Henry VIII wants an heir for his thrown and no matter how many women he has to marry then divorce to get it that is his primary intention. Richard Rich, Sir Thomas More and King Henry VIII all use reprehensible means, which harm others in order to achieve their own personal goals and in the end are never justified. Sir Thomas More does not justify the pain and suffering he causes by trying to live a glorious life that will put him in heaven. More has a one-track mind. With this, his beliefs and values are very strong towards the way of God and the right and the wrong; but his actions are very self centered and selfish. When More, was asked his opinion on the matter of King Henry’s divorce he replied, â€Å"†¦As I think of it I see so clearly that I can not come with Your Grace that my endeavor is not to think of it at all†¦.There is my right arm. Take your dagger and saw it from my shoulder, and I will laugh and be thankful, if by that means I can come with Your Grace with a clear conscience† (Bolt, pg31). His pride and values get in the way of his loved ones future and outcome. More is acting the way his heart tells him but not the most beneficial way in his circumstance. King Henry is one who hates opposition or doubts and Sir Thomas More is giving him doubt and grief on not siding with him on this issue. With having the King on your bad side the chances of you living a good life or living at all is very slim. Also, More shows selfish acts when Margaret approaches him, while he is in his jail cell. â€Å"When a man takes an oath, Margaret he’s holding his own self in his own hands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.83) This shows his selfishness towards himself and his goal of going to heaven. He does not care about his life hear on earth or what he leaves behind he just wants what is best for himself. Hence, Sir Thomas More attitude toward his family’s life was very poor. By talking about the King and by not siding with him he threw his life and his families life out the window. For food he made Alice eat mutton and did not provide for his family. Also, by him thinking of resigning his position is another example of himself being selfish and not providing for his family. His selfish acts towards himself hurt his friends and his family and do not justify his means for eternal salvation. Firstly, Richard Rich does not justify his means by his ends at all. This man is a lying deceiving little man that will do whatever it takes to gain rank and power. His betrayal towards Sir Thomas More was very futile in Sir Thomas’s conviction. â€Å"I’ve lost my innocence.†(pg.44) Rich has just sold out information to Cromwell in order to move ahead in rank. From here on Rich is starting down a path that will lead to hurting a lot of people’s lives. Secondly, Rich betrayed More for obvious reasons. He wanted to get ahead in life but also, there was the taste of money that came along with it. â€Å"Every man has his price.†(pg.2) This is just showing again why Richard Rich keeps on hurting individuals. In life one will betray another for some benefit and this in it self is an example of Macchiavelli. Hence, when Rich took the stand in the court to persecute More he showed again his greed and will to not stop at any cost to get what he wanted. â€Å"He said, ‘Parliament has not the competence.’ Or words to that effect.† Rich was saying what he knew the King wanted to hear. He was committing perjury against More so that he could eventually move into the spot of Chancellor of England. With this being said it shows that his greed and lust could not justify Rich’s means for money and self-advancement. Lastly, King Henry VIII only lived and strived for power and for dominance over everybody in England. If anybody ever crossed his path they were executed and nothing was said about it. Henry liked to show everybody that he ruled and no one else. â€Å"No opposition I say! No opposition!†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.33) King Henry is again showing More that his opinion on his divorce is not going to be taken lightly in any sense. Even though More is the Chancellor of England Henry is still pressing him to side with him on the matter and not the Pope. Also, Henry showed dominance over Margaret. The King always has to be the smartest and most powerful one among all. In this certain occasion when Margaret could speak better Spanish then Henry he was very defensive. Right away he asked her if she could dance her response was no. â€Å"Well I can dance superlatively!† (pg.28) Henry is trying to put her down for showing her dominance over him. Also, Henry always wanted to be in power of the Church of England. This was the only thing that he was not in full complete control of and he needed to be to divorce Catherine for Anne Boleyn. The only way he could do this is to kill Cardinal Wolsey and clear the path for his dominance. Catherine provided him with a daughter and without an heir to the thrown this marriage and his legacy would not work. â€Å"Queen on the throne of England was unthinkable.† (pg. Viii) The King had to have power over the Church of England because he would not receive a divorce if he did not receive a boy through Anne. Henry used intimidation to justify his goals and his means were not reasonable nor were his actions justified. With Sir Thomas More, Richard Rich and King Henry VIII all having their means not justify their actions it showed that they were all doing this for some self-advancement in life. So again clearly through points and quotes all three used reprehensible means which harm others, in order to achieve their own personal goals and in the end are never justified. Work Citied Bolt, Robert. A Man for All Seasons, Toronto: Irwin Publishing, 1963

Development, Influence and Impact

As parents we continue wondering if the outside influences will be a positive influence on our children as they form relationships. This paper compares the systems of the Bacteriological Model of Human Development by providing examples of the influences on a child's growth of standard and irregular development in children as well as puberty, the interaction between cognitive, physical, and psychosocial development and its ability to influence overall child development. Development The model of human development has been summarized through Erie Frontbencher one of the world's foremost professionals in the field of developmental psychology.Within the writings of Frontbencher it is understood that his belief in the development of children is not Just one thing or system; Frontbencher reports there are numerous outside influences that help mold the child's personality/character (1990). The Microsystems stands for the connotations concerning other Microsystems. For example, how the family relates to the school, church as well as to how the family interact with their peers. The Ecosystem associates the social setting that a person does not have an active role. For example, a spouse's or youth's knowledge at home possibly will be swayed by a mom's Involvements at work.For instance let's say the mom received an advancement that necessitates additional travel, this could cause an argument between she and the husband that in turns changes the communication all use with each other. When addressing the Microsystems we address the culture In which persons live. Everyone's Microsystems grows and changes over time, each continual peer group could change the Microsystems that Is unique to each person (Call, R. V. , & Caving, J. C. 2010). The Imitating of ecological actions In Dalton to the changes that occur such as divorce Is an example of the final system called the Chronometers.Influence It is clear along with the usual role of educating; schools have a larger part to play in the progress of our children. However, they cannot and should not be the only responsible fragment of our children's education/development. Along with the incorporated into the Micro-system which makes a child's Microsystems complete (Beer 2000). When communication is poor between different micro-systems, more gig risk people develop and are more unlikely to adjust in the general public. To reach the best outcomes for a child, stimulating yet active styles must be combined in the teaching method.The family is the most powerful unit of the Microsystems and such as controls how the youth performs in school. For that reason it demands that the school and the family interact to yield the best results. The family generates an inspiring atmosphere by getting involved with their children's accomplishments (Addison 1992). The parental/school collaboration exists because it is the general public that allocates all the means to the school. Furthermore, the public also defines what material and which programs will be used in the school curriculum.Unfortunately in many of our school districts children do not have an equal playing field nor do they have the opportunity to succeed as well as learn equally as individuals. One of the key reasons for this is directly traced to the child's socioeconomic standing; a family's socioeconomic status is based on family income, parental education level, parental occupation, in addition to their social status within the community. According to Frontbencher (1990), outcomes uncovered that children from upper class cultures have a better chance of success than children of low income families.In addition, upper class individuals have the chance to go to better schools with better/healthier services. However, not all children who come from poor backgrounds are assured to fail but then the following circumstances need to be accessible; there needs to be an atmosphere at home that stimulates the child to study, the family sets reasonably high expectations for their children as well as the family is involved with the child in avian fun, recognizing the accomplishments of the child and then praising the child for their effort.One of the main barriers for lower class families is the lack of ability to enroll their children in extracurricular activities, for example, after school programs, summer camps etc. I agree with Beer (2000) when stating the experience or impact the child brings with them into the classroom can be in itself an incentive or motivating factor for success. Children from poor backgrounds will try to be successful so that they can escape the difficulties that they have experienced.On the other hand, since children with upper class parents have many more opportunities than those from a lower income status, they may see no need to work hard. In this case, chance has no part to play in how well a child does in school. Need is what drives children to grab the chances that come their way. Just as it is sta ted that not all poor children will fail in becoming successful not all upper class children have had the proverbial spoon feeding. Brotherliness's biological methods are focused on the quality as well as circumstance of the child's surroundings.He states that as a child ages, the message inside these surroundings come to be more complicated. This complexity can increase as the child's physical and cognitive structures grow and develop. For example, our economy has moved from a manufacturing model to a technical model; however the designs of the office have been determined by the faith of the manufacturing work code. Adults/parents are likely to work a schedule that revolves enables workers to be free of manual labor should free them from the time, place boundary restriction which would allow more participation from parents. ImpactOur views of learning and development have changed dramatically over the past several decades. Our perspective has changed from seeing learning as an indi vidual and passive experience to recognizing learning as an active, dynamic and developmental process. We now understand learning and growth as happening surrounded by a broader context of persons, places, and natural settings. Family life in this country has taken a back seat to the needs of the workplace. Also the debt model used to decide the level of support allowed by the public to low income family's needs to be review, and revised.Adults must announce themselves to need in order to meet the requirements for help that may possibly have come about because of our national price of freedom. The more amount of failure reported means a larger amount of possible support the family could receive. If it is not enough we ask the family to demoralize themselves by taking what pride they have we expect them to have the mental strength to climb up the thread that had been thrown for assistance. The volatility and impulsiveness of family life that we have let our budget generate is the gre atest damaging force to a child's growth (Addison, 992).Children do not have the endless interaction with significant adults that is necessary for their development. According to Frontbencher we must nurture social outlooks that value work completed on behalf of children at all levels: patisseries, educators, extended family, counselors, work administrators, lawmakers. The bio ecological systems theory combines sociology and thinking, through persons, and their surroundings influencing one another. Families continue to struggle balancing work and family [micro-system and ex. system].Laws pressure and even est. the very existence of some people, for example, migrant inhabitants who cannot live together with their relatives [micro-system and macro-system]; treacherous regions or possibly schools that create wild and disloyal troposphere for families and children [micro-system and macro-system]. Brotherliness's model shows how the individual matures inside, how the person is swayed and also by identifying the affects the systems [Coloratura context]. Relationships and Interactions To have the greatest effect, supports need to be flexible, balancing one another, moving in and out of their comfort zone.Collaborating with an available set of community wide assets that support learning as well as adult influences on the child's community growth; this can be divided into direct and indirect patterns of influence. Direct influence is linked with a parent or caregivers personal intervention or guidance of a young child's social attitudes, reactions and behaviors. Indirect influence is related with a parent's or caregivers example and the atmosphere he or she creates for children to comprehend in addition to supervising social contacts.Parents and other adults influence children in both direct and indirect ways. For example, a parent could help a child Join a group of children playing a game together; this is an example of a direct influence. An indirect example could lo ok like a teacher who spent a little time counseling a specific student while other students observed; they come to the conclusion through this observation that the teacher who was spending the time with their friend is now seen as approachable. With social examples. Parents and other adults often are unconscious teachers of young children.Young children may sift through and cast off the information parents or other adults consciously try to teach them. But the pattern a parent or caregiver demonstrates in how to treat others tends to leave a more powerful and lasting impression. Practice Positive Discipline, the discipline style of parents or caregivers can have a large influence on children's social skills. Children seem to learn how to interact with others from the model their parents use with them. A very important action a caregiver can give to each child is finding playmates for their children, setting play dates for their children.Enrolling children in organized social activi ties, such as swimming, soccer, preschool, 4-H clubs, helping children achieve access to a social position by making introductions, participating in a game with other children, etc. Encouraging children to practice appropriate social interaction, such as sharing toys, asking for favors, saying please and thank you, in addition to arranging and organizing a play group that meets regularly, providing your home or yard for a play environment, giving some supervision to the play Parents and caregivers can model positive conflict resolution for children.If possible, parents and other adults should use disputes as an opportunity to teach ND demonstrate peaceful ways of negotiating and compromising to children. Parents and caregivers can step in to help children negotiate differences with others and mediate for them as needed when they are not getting along with others. Model effective conflict resolution and encourage appropriate behavior. Be a positive example of working through conflict or differences with others.Practice parental coaching, which involves varying levels of supervision based on a child's age and needs, and superseding as needed when social situations become too challenging for young child to manage. Supervision of social interactions should become less intense and less obvious as children grow older, taking place more from a distance. With older children, children can be coached on their interpersonal relationships in private and with follow-up.Coaching and supervision may inhibit social development if done harshly for example, if the parent is overly involved [poor boundaries] or uses physical force or aggressive verbal communication to intervene. Conclusion While there is no crystal ball and only hind sight is 20/20, the birth of a child signifies the beginning of a new life. New lives that are unprotected and will be subjected to several significant experiences that will play have a major influence on the growth of the child.Even though every ch ild born is different from any other we have discussed the one constant that all children need weather they come from a family of means or a family that has little to offer financially. Children are looking for the affirmations that should be present within their home and with the child/parent/ caregiver relationship. However when the person is missing that bond he or she will kook for attention in unsuitable places; and unfortunately especially in adolescence they will learn anti-social behavior, display a lack of self-discipline, as well as have the inability to provide self-direction (Addison, 1992).

Gender, income and wealth Essay

Gender is a term that has been used many times to describe the different social roles that men and women play in the society. It is also used to explain the biological difference between a man and a woman. However, gender violence, whether on men or on women varies with different communities. Even up to date, there are some societies that still emphasize on the roles and tasks that only men or women can do. Scientific studies on the social life of humans have shown that we are the ones who create inequality amongst ourselves by defining the roles that we should take and leaving those that we don’t want to others. Gender difference is however important because it gives the rights and privileges to both women and men. But if viewed from a negative perspective, gender inequality can be defied as a world wide problem. Gender is one of the many determinants of what income a person should be given. In some countries, it is easy for men to get well paying jobs over women. This is especially the case in the developing countries; where the level of education does not really matter when it comes to job hunting. The situation gets even worse where the big jobs can only be given to the men because it is believed that they are better at decision making than women. Statistics have proved that 46 percent of all labor consists of women. However, women represent 75 percent of all the laborers with the lowest income or wages, and only 13 percent represent women of the best paid laborers. The gender factor is also seen to take effect at many homes, where many people believe that a husband should be earning more than the wife. Many husbands feel inferior, especially when they are unable to provide for their families and the wives take on the role of the provider. They believe that they should be the heads of the family and should be in charge of the major activities, including making important decisions. The fact that wives should be submissive to their husbands should not be mistaken as a reason to be discriminated. In general we can say that the world is facing major challenges because of gender inequality. (Karuna Jaggar, 2007) It is not so easy to measure the relation of gender to wealth. This is because most of the wealth is common within members of the same house hold, which consists of both a man and a woman. However, it is a fact that men are likely to own more assets than women. Women don’t normally own such investments as bonds, stocks or other financial assets as much as men do. Furthermore, most men have retirement accounts, while most women do not have such accounts, and in addition to that, the pensions of women in most cases are less than those of the men. The gender factor also shows that non married households are not as wealthy as the married households. Also, divorced women contribute more to the labor market as compared to the married women. Married women will feel financially secure because of their husbands, but after they are divorced, their economic condition is affected a lot. The same case applies to widowed women. However, divorce does not have a big effect on the men as it has on the women, because they are always working so their wealth is not affected so much. Women who have never been married own the least wealth of all the house holds. They are said to own only a quarter of the wealth that the non married men own. From the late 1980s, the women initiatives have been helping the women to improve their financial security by advising them to start up small micro enterprises. The reason behind the start of the businesses is because they have very low start up costs, and are hence affordable to the women. Micro enterprises are competent, marketable, and require simple management by the owners. These businesses help women with low wealth and poor incomes to improve their financial status. (Karuna Jaggar, 2007) In general, we can say that gender inequality is a factor that is pulling the efforts to civilization behind and needs to be addressed. References 1) Chang, Mariko, 2007, His and Hers: Explaining the Gender Wealth Gap, retrieved on 1/30/2009 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p109260_index.html 2) Edlund Lena, Kopczuk Wojciech, 2007, Women, wealth and mobility: National bureau of economic research, New York, Cambridge press 3) Karuna Jaggar, 2007, The Race and Gender Wealth Gap, retrieved on 1/30/2009 from http://urbanhabitat.org/node/2815

Leo Tolstoy

LEO TOLSTOY Leo Tolstoy, or Count  Lyev Nikolayevich Tolstoy[1]  (Russian:   ?) (September 9, 1828  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ November 20, 1910[2]), was a Russian writer of  realist fiction  and philosophical essays. His works  War and Peace  and  Anna Karenina  represent, in their scope, breadth and vivid depiction of 19th-century Russian life and attitudes, a peak of  realist fiction. [3] Tolstoy's further talents as essayist, dramatist, and educational reformer made him the most influential member of the aristocratic  Tolstoy family. His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the  Sermon on the Mount, caused him in later life to become a fervent  Christian anarchist  and  anarcho-pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as  The Kingdom of God Is Within You, were to have a profound impact on such pivotal twentieth-century figures as  Mohandas Gandhi[4]  and  Martin Luther King, Jr. [5]  Many consider Tolstoy to have been one of the world's greatest novelists. [6][7] Biography Tolstoy was born in  Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate in the  Tula  region of Russia. The  Tolstoys  were a well-known family of old Russian nobility. He was the fourth of five children of Count  Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a veteran of the  1812 French invasion of Russia, and Countess Mariya Tolstaya (Volkonskaya). Tolstoy's parents died when he was young, so he and his siblings were brought up by relatives. In 1844, he began studying law and oriental languages at  Kazan University. His teachers described him as â€Å"both unable and unwilling to learn. â€Å"[8]  Tolstoy left university in the middle of his studies, returned to Yasnaya Polyana and then spent much of his time in Moscow and  Saint Petersburg. In 1851, after running up heavy gambling debts, he went with his older brother to the  Caucasus  and joined the  army. It was about this time that he started writing. His conversion from a dissolute and privileged society author to the non-violent and spiritual anarchist of his latter days was brought about by his experience in the army as well as two trips around Europe in 1857 and 1860–61. Others who followed the same path were  Alexander Herzen,  Mikhail Bakunin, and  Peter Kropotkin. During his 1857 visit, Tolstoy witnessed a public execution in Paris, a traumatic experience that would mark the rest of his life. Writing in a letter to his friend V. P. Botkin: â€Å"The truth is that the State is a conspiracy designed not only to exploit, but above all to corrupt its citizens †¦ Henceforth, I shall never serve any government anywhere. † His European trip in 1860–61 shaped both his political and literary transformation when he met  Victor Hugo, whose literary talents Tolstoy praised after reading Hugo's newly finished  Les Miserables. A comparison of Hugo's novel and Tolstoy's  War and Peace  shows the influence of the evocation of its battle scenes. Tolstoy's political philosophy was also influenced by a March 1861 visit to French anarchist  Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, then living in exile under an assumed name in Brussels. Apart from reviewing Proudhon's forthcoming publication,  La Guerre et la Paix  (War and Peace  in French), whose title Tolstoy would borrow for his masterpiece, the two men discussed education, as Tolstoy wrote in his educational notebooks: â€Å"If I recount this conversation with Proudhon, it is to show that, in my personal experience, he was the only man who understood the significance of education and of the printing press in our time. Fired by enthusiasm, Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana and founded thirteen schools for his serfs' children, based on the principles Tolstoy described in his 1862 essay â€Å"The School at Yasnaya Polyana†. [9]  Tolstoy's educational experiments were short-lived due to harassment by the  Tsarist  secret police. However, as a direct forerunner to  A. S . Neill's  Summerhill School, the school at Yasnaya Polyana[10]  can justifiably be claimed to be the first example of a coherent theory of democratic education. Personal life On September 23, 1862, Tolstoy married  Sophia Andreevna Bers, who was 16 years his junior and the daughter of a court physician. She was called Sonya, the Russian diminutive of Sofya, by her family and friends. [11]  They had thirteen children, five of whom died during childhood. [12]  The marriage was marked from the outset by sexual passion and emotional insensitivity when Tolstoy, on the eve of their marriage, gave her his diaries detailing his extensive sexual past and the fact that one of the serfs on his estate had borne him a son. [11]  Even so, their early married life was ostensibly appy and allowed Tolstoy much freedom to compose  War and Peace  and  Anna Karenina  with Sonya acting as his secretary, proof-reader and financial manager. [11]  However, their latter life together has been described by  A. N. Wilson  as one of the unhappiest in literary history. Tolstoy's relationship with his wife deteriorated as his beliefs became increasingly radical. This saw him seeking to reject his inherited and earned wealth, including the renunciation of the copyrights on his earlier works. His fiction consistently attempts to convey realistically the Russian society in which he lived. Anna Karenina  (1877) tells parallel stories of an adulterous woman trapped by the conventions and falsities of society and of a philosophical landowner (much like Tolstoy), who works alongside the peasants in the fields and seeks to reform their lives. Tolstoy not only drew from his own life experiences but also created characters in his own image, such as Pierre Bezukhov and Prince Andrei inWar and Peace, Levin in  Anna Karenina  and to some extent, Prince Nekhlyudov in  Resurrection Anna Karenina Great changes were taking place during the mid-1870s in Russia. The serfs had been liberated in 1861. This was a long-overdue economic change in Russian society, but unfortunately it was not matched with land reform. As a result, most former serfs continued to work on the large farms as â€Å"free† peasants. The â€Å"land question,† also known as the â€Å"peasant question,† was a major political issue in Russia at the time of Anna Karenina. Tolstoy weighs in on this issue in many parts of the book, especially Part Three. At the same time, Russia was slowly and painfully undergoing a process of modernization. Western Europe had already completed many stages of industrialization, and Russia was far behind. Many of the new changes that were happening within Russia were in response to the changes in Europe. Western thought about democracy, liberalism, and social change accompanied the technological innovations that were imported throughout the mid-1870s and later 19th century. While many intellectuals and members of society saw this phenomenon in a positive light, others, like Tolstoy, were horrified by the negative aspects of Western â€Å"progress†? the rise of the urban center, the emergence of capitalism, decadent living, and the disconnection of people from the land. Some of Tolstoy's horror was well-placed: not all Western innovations would work in Russia. For all of its backwardness, Russia was not Europe, and few ideas or technological innovations would change that fact. The scene in which Levin attempts to implement a new agricultural theory on his farm and meets with resistance from his peasants, for example, has a basis in reality. A great deal of the spiritual underpinnings of Anna Karenina, especially Levin's struggle to find the Lord, are based on Tolstoy's own life. One critic has called Anna Karenina a â€Å"spiritual autobiography. † Tolstoy went through many religious crises in his life and struggled to find a way of living religiously that fought against the hypocrises and greed of the Greek Orthodox Church. Though the Church is not addressed specifically in this novel? indeed, Tolstoy was excommunicated a few years after its publication and was probably being careful not to upset them with any commentary in Anna Karenina? it is vital to think about Tolstoy's own spiritual questions when reading this book. Gabriel Garcia Marquez Latin-American journalist, novelist and short story writer, a central figure in the so-called Magic Realism movement. Gabriel Garcia Marquez was born in Aracataca, in the â€Å"banana zone† of Colombia, the first child of Luisa Santiaga Marquez, the daughter of Colonel Nicolas Marquez, and Gabriel Eligio Garcia, an itinerant homeopath and pharmacist. Soon after his birth, his parents left him to be reared by his grandparents and three aunts. At the age of fifteen, he was sent to the Liceo de Zipaquira, a high school for the gifted. He then studied law and journalism at the National University in Bogota and at the University of Cartagena. In 1982 Garcia Marquez was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Love in the time of cholera Love in the Time of Cholera, published in 1985, was  Gabriel Garcia Marquez's first book after winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. Although it has often been compared negatively with Marquez's greatest achievement,  One Hundred Years of Solitude, many critics see Love in the Time of Cholera as a convincing and powerful love story that deftly accomplishes the goal Marquez et for himself: writing a story about love between two people of an age that no respected writer had managed before Gustave Flaubert French novelist of the realist school, best-known for MADAME BOVARY (1857), a story of adultery and unhappy love affair of the provincial wife Emma Bovary. As a writer Flaubert was a perfectionist, who did not make a distinction between a beautiful or ugly subject: all wa s in the style. The idea, he argued, only exists by virtue of its form – its elements included the perfect word, cunningly contrived and verified rhythms, and a genuine architectural structure. Madame Bovary  was first translated into English by Karl Marx's daughter Eleanor Marx. Gustave Flaubert was born in Rouen into a family of doctors. His father, Achille-Cleophas Flaubert, a chief surgeon at the Rouen municipal hospital, made money investing in land. Flaubert's mother, Anne-Justine-Caroline (nee Fleuriot), was the daughter of a physician; she became the most important person in the author's life. Anne-Justine-Caroline died in 1872 Flaubert began to write during his school years. At the age of fifteen he won a prize for an essay on mushrooms. Actually his work was a copy. A disappointment in his teens – Flaubert fell in love with Elisa Schlesinger, who was married and some 10 years his senior – inspired much of his early writing. His bourgeois background Flaubert found early burdensome, and eventually his rebel against it led to his expulsion from school. Flaubert completed his education privately in Paris. On his return Flaubert started  Madame Bovary, which took five years to complete. The realistic depiction of adultery was condemned as offensive to morality and religion. nce Flaubert said: â€Å"Emma, c'est moi. †Ã‚  Delphine Delamare, who died in 1848, is alleged to have been the original of Emma Bovary. Flaubert died of a cerebral hemorrhage on May 8, in 1880. Flaubert's other, non-literary life was marked by his prodigious appetite for prostitutes, which occasionally led to venereal infections. Direct experiences of the author also were reworked into the novel. For instance, in creating Emma Bovary, the novel's protagonist, Flaubert was inspired by his mistress Louise Colet, who gave him the insight to consider Emma's discontented childhood. Moreover, Doctor  Lariviere  was based on Flaubert's father, and the maid Felicite was based on Flaubert's nurse, Julie. Flaubert also used medical terminology with the help of his brother Achille and his friend Bouilhet. Initially the novel was considered highly controversial due to its depiction of adulterous affairs, and it was the subject of a trial in 1857. Flaubert delves into the sexual relations between Emma and her lovers and, more importantly, appears to glorify adultery and disgrace marriage. Since it was considered inappropriate for the public, precautions were taken to prohibit access to the book. Setting The setting of Madame Bovary is crucial to the novel for several reasons. First, it is important as it applies to Flaubert's realist style and social commentary. Secondly, the setting is important in how it relates to the protagonist Emma. It has been calculated that the novel begins in October 1827 and ends in August 1846 (Francis Steegmuller). This is around the era known as the â€Å"July Monarchy†, or the rule of  King Louis-Philippe. This was a period in which there was a great up-surge in the power of the bourgeois middle class. Flaubert detested the bourgeoisie. Much of the time and effort, therefore, that he spends detailing the customs of the rural French people can be interpreted as social criticism. Flaubert put much effort into making sure his depictions of common life were accurate. This was aided by the fact that he chose a subject that was very familiar to him. He chose to set the story in and around the city of  Rouen  in  Normandy, the setting of his own birth and childhood. This care and detail that Flaubert gives to his setting is important in looking at the style of the novel. It is this faithfulness to the mundane elements of country life that has garnered the book its reputation as the beginning of the literary movement known as â€Å"literary realism†. Flaubert also deliberately used his setting to contrast with his protagonist. Emma's romantic fantasies are strikingly foiled by the practicalities of the common life around her. Flaubert uses this juxtaposition to reflect on both subjects. Emma becomes more capricious and ludicrous in the harsh light of everyday reality. By the same token, however, the self-important banality of the local people is magnified in omparison to Emma, who, though impractical, still reflects an appreciation of beauty and greatness that seems entirely absent in the  bourgeois  class. Flaubert's novel is a landmark in that unlike the literature of his predecessors, it produces a story of gritty and perhaps even jarring reality. While even today the romanticism of the â€Å"Hollywood ending† is popular, the real ism of â€Å"Madame Bovary† was quickly reflected in classic works such as Fyodor Dostoevsky's â€Å"The Idiot† (1869) and Leo Tolstoy's â€Å"Anna Karenina† (1877). This paper uses the author's tones in â€Å"Anna Karenina† and â€Å"Chronicle of a Death Foretold† to compare Leo Tolstoy's and Gabriel Garcia Marquez's cynical tone towards society. Both authors use satire and irony to criticize the corruption of society and the institution of marriage. The paper shows that Tolstoy focuses on his disapproval of the upper-class aristocracy, while Garcia Marquez satirizes society in general. Tolstoy does not present the aristocracy with much honor or morals, unlike Garcia Marquez who uses a town that, although is corrupted, still has a strong moral back bone.

Article Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique - Article Example The food choices that people make decide how successfully the body handles all its functions and activities (Whitney & Rolfes, 2011, p.2). Hence, one can maintain healthy body by choosing nutritious food (Whitney & Rolfes, 2011, p.2). Sadly, the hectic nature of modern life has made people to ignore the quality of food they eat. The article â€Å"A diet for better energy,† written by Diana Rodriguez, is targeted at people who need high energy levels to fulfill the demands of hectic life. As the tips given in the article are precise and practical in nature, it is an excellent source of information and worth recommending to others. Reliability The article â€Å"A diet for better energy,† written by Diana Rodriguez is a reliable source of information. After reading the article, one can find various aspects and qualities which prove that the article is worth reading and reliable in nature. Some of the ways in which the article can be recommended as authentic and reliable ar e discussed below. It is not an Advertisement The first important aspect that shows that this article is not worthless is the fact that it is not written to advertise any product or a service. That is, it is not written with an intention to promote any nutrition product or food item. Also, there is no hint of any attempt at subtle advertisement as the article does not mention any names of the food brands or health services. The products or the food items that are mentioned, for example chicken, lentils, beans, fish etc., are general in nature and not branded. This shows that the article is authentic and not fake. Article is Reviewed The second reason why the article is reliable is that it is reviewed by a professional from medical field. The article is reviewed by Christine Wilmsen Craig, MD (Rodriguez). Christine Craig has a valid degree in medicine. Her medical degree and postdoctoral training has been earned from the University of Missouri-Columbia (Everyday Health para 11). When the article is reviewed by the professional in medical field, then it means that the information provided in the article is authentic and based on scientific research. Based on Expert Opinion The third reason for the article to be reliable source of information is that the article is written on the basis of interviews with people in the field of nutrition and diet. For example, the information about the foods that give prolonged energy level is based on the interview of Melissa Rifkin, who is a registered dietitian at the Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, N.Y. (Rodriguez para 5). Similarly, Suzanne Lugerner, RN, who is the director of clinical nutrition at the Washington Hospital Center in Washington, D.C., is consulted to gain information regarding the role of fluids in sustaining energy levels in human body (Rodriguez para 7). Later on in the article, the information regarding the healthy pattern of meals is provided after consulting Tara Harwood, a registered dietitian at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio (Rodriguez para 10). In this way, all the important information regarding the diet and nutrition is based on information gathered from reliable sources, that is, from the professionals in field of diet and nutrition. Hence, the article is very reliable and authentic. Information Matches with the Reliable Source The information regarding the nutrients and its functions, given in the article, matches the information given in the book called